Computer science
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In its most general sense, computer science (CS) is the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. In practice, computer science includes a variety of topics relating to computers, which range from the abstract analysis of algorithms, formal grammars, etc. to more concrete subjects like programming languages, software, and computer hardware. As a scientific discipline, it differs significantly from mathematics, programming, software engineering, and computer engineering, although these fields are often confused.
- Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.
- Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing!
Computer scientists study what programs can and cannot do (see computability and artificial intelligence), how programs should efficiently perform specific tasks (see algorithms), how programs should store and retrieve specific kinds of information (see data structures and data bases), and how programs and people should communicate with each other (see human computer interaction and user interfaces).
Computer science has roots in electrical engineering, mathematics and linguistics. In the last third of the 20th century computer science has become recognized as a distinct discipline and has developed its own methods and terminology.
The first computer science department in the United States was founded at Purdue University in 1962. The University of Cambridge in England, among others, taught CS prior to this, however at the time, CS was seen as a branch of mathematics, and not a separate department. Cambridge claims to have the world's oldest taught qualification in computing. Most universities today have specific departments devoted to computer science.
The highest honor in computer science is the Turing Award.
Related fields
Computer science is closely related to several other fields. These fields overlap considerably, though important differences exist
- Information science is the study of data and information, including how to interpret, analyze, store, and retrieve it. Information science started as the foundation of scientific analysis of communication and databases.
- Programming emphasizes writing code.
- Software engineering emphasizes analysis, design, construction, and testing of useful software.
- Information systems is the application of computing to support the operations of an organization: operating, installing, and maintaining the computers, software, and data.
- Management information systems is the subfield of information systems, that emphasizes financial and personnel management.
- Mathematics shares many techniques and topics with computer science, but is more general. In some sense, CS is the mathematics of computing.
- Computer engineering is the analysis, design, and construction of computer hardware.
- Information security is the analysis and implementation of information system security, including cryptography.
Major fields of importance for computer science
Mathematical foundations
- Boolean algebra
- Discrete mathematics
- Graph theory
- Information theory
- Symbolic logic
- Probability and Statistics
Theoretical computer science
- Algorithmic information theory
- Computability theory
- Cryptography
- Formal semantics
- Theory of computation (or theoretical computer science)
- analysis of algorithms and problem complexity
- logics and meanings of programs
- Mathematical logic and Formal languages
- Type theory
Hardware
(see also electrical engineering)
- Control structures and Microprogramming
- Arithmetic and Logic structures
- Memory structures
- input/output and Data communications
- Logic Design
- Integrated circuits
- Performance and reliability
Computer systems organization
(see also electrical engineering)
- Computer architecture
- Computer networks
- Performance of systems
- Computer system implementation
Software
- Computer program and Computer programming
- Programming techniques
- Software engineering
- Optimization
- Software metrics
- Configuration management and Software Configuration Management (SCM)
- Structured programming
- Object orientation
- Design patterns
- Free software and Open Source
- Programming languages
- Operating Systems
- Compilers
Data and information systems
- Data structures
- Data storage representations
- Data encryption
- Data compression
- Coding and Information theory
- Files
- File formats
- Information systems
- Databases
- Information Storage and retrieval
- Information Interfaces and Presentation
Computing methodologies
- Symbolic and Algebraic manipulation
- Artificial intelligence
- Computer graphics
- Image processing and computer vision
- Pattern recognition
- Simulation and Modeling
- Document and text processing
- Digital signal processing
Computer applications
- Administrative data processing
- Mathematical software
- Physical science and Engineering
- Life and medical sciences
- Social and behavioral sciences
- Arts and Humanities
- Computer-aided engineering
- Robotics
- Human-computer interaction
Computing milieux
- Computer industry
- History of computing hardware
- Computers and education
- Computers and society
- Legal aspects of computing
- Management of computing and Information systems
- Personal computing
- Computer and information security
History
- History of computing
- Origins of computer terms
- Early programming projects
- Computer science departments
- Timeline of algorithms
Prominent pioneers in computer science
- Charles Babbage, Designed but never completed plans for several mechanical calculators and one mechanical programmable computer.
- John Backus Invention of FORTRAN, the first practical high-level programming language and the Backus-Naur form for describing formal language syntax.
- James W. Cooley and John W. Tukey The Fast Fourier Transform and its impact on scientific research.
- Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, inventors of the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
- Edsger Dijkstra for algorithms, Goto considered harmful, rigor, and pedagogy.
- Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, for doing pioneer work in the 1940s, one of the first the recognize the necessity for higher level programming languages. She wrote the compiler. Her ideas heavily influenced the COBOL language.
- Kenneth Iverson Inventor of APL, for his contribution to interactive computing.
- William Kahan for the IEEE floating-point standard. (Perhaps this reference should be moved to hardware engineering)
- Donald Knuth for The Art of Computer Programming series.
- Ada Lovelace famous as the world's first ever computer programmer.
- John von Neumann for devising the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.
- Claude E. Shannon for information theory.
- Alan Turing for computability theory, and designed Pilot ACE
- James H. Wilkinson The technique of "backward error analysis" and advances in the field of matrix computations. Wilkinson was also a principal mover in the development of the Pilot ACE, the first British computer, in the late 1940s. (see more on Wilkinson in the MacTutor Biographies.)
- Konrad Zuse Builder of a binary computer in the 1930s, for which he allegedly devised a theoretical high level programming language, Plankalkuel.
See also
- Computer science basic topics
- Computer science topics, a more extensive list
- Computing
- List of computing topics
- History of computing
- History of computing hardware
- Turing Award (ACM)
- IEEE John von Neumann Medal
- Computer jargon
- Computer slang
- Computing analogies
- Internet
- Multimedia
- Data acquisition
- Benchmark
- Sensor network
- Online computations and algorithms
- Computer numbering formats
- List of important publications in computer science
External link