Computing

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a computer was a person who computes. Since the advent of the electronic computer, it has come to also mean the operation and usage of these machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computer hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science).

Table of contents

1 Science and theory 2 Hardware 3 Software 4 History of computing 5 Business computing 6 Human factors 7 Computer security 8 Data 8.1 Numeric Data 8.2 Character Data 8.3 Other Data Topics 9 Mechatronics 10 Classes of computers 11 Companies - current 12 Companies - historic 13 Professional organizations 14 Standards organizations and consortia 15 Miscellaneous

Science and theory

• Computer science
• Theory of computation
• DBLP May 2004: over 500 000 bibliographic entries on computer science

Hardware

• Computer hardware
• Computer network
• Computer system
• History of computing hardware

Software

• Software engineering
• Computer programming
• Computer software
  • Software patent

History of computing

Business computing

• Accounting software
• Computer-aided design
• Computer-aided manufacturing
• Computer-assisted dispatch
• Customer relationship management
• Data warehouse
• Decision support system
• Electronic data processing
• Enterprise resource planning
• Geographic information system
• Management information system
• Material resource planning
• Strategic enterprise management
• Supply chain management

Human factors

• Accessible computing
• Human-computer interaction

Computer security

• Cryptology - cryptography - information theory
• Cracking - demon dialing - Hacking - war dialing - war driving
• Dumpster diving
• Physical security
• Batch job
• Computer insecurity
• Computer surveillance
• defensive programming
• malware
• security engineering

Data

Numeric Data

• integral data types - bit, byte, etc.
• real data types:
  • Floating point (Single Precision, Double Precision, etc.)
  • Fixed point
  • Rational number ("Infinite" Precision)
• Decimal
  • Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
  • Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
  • Biquinary Coded Decimal
• representation: Binary - Octal - Decimal - Hexadecimal (hex)
• Computer mathematics - Computer numbering formats -

Character Data

• storage: Character - String - Text - Plain text
  • representation: ASCII - Unicode - Multibyte - EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) - Fieldata - Baudot

Other Data Topics

• Data compression
• Digital signal processing
• Image processing
• Indexed

Mechatronics

Classes of computers

• Analog computer
• Calculator
• Desktop computer
• Desknote
• Digital computer
• Embedded computer
• Home computer
• Laptop
• Mainframe
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer
• Personal computer
• Personal digital assistant (aka PDA, or Handheld computer)
• Server
• Supercomputer
• Tablet PC
• Video game console
• Workstation

Companies - current

• Apple Computer
• Dell
• Fujitsu
• Gateway Computers
• Hewlett-Packard
• IBM
• Microsoft

Companies - historic

• English Electric
• Ferranti
• General Electric
  • ICL
• Leo
• Marconi
• Scientific Data Systems
• Univac
• Compaq
• DEC

Professional organizations

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• British Computer Society (BCS)
• Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Standards organizations and consortia

(see also standardization)

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Miscellaneous

• List of computer term etymologies