Egypt

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This article is about the country Egypt. For other uses of the word, see Egypt (disambiguation).

جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة
Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
Arab Republic of Egypt

(In Detail)
Official language	Arabic
Capital	Cairo
Largest City	Cairo
President	Hosni Mubarak
Prime Minister	Atef Ebeid
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 29th 1,001,450 km2 0.6%
Population  - Total (2002)  - Density	Ranked 15th 70,712,345 71/km²
Independence  - Granted	by the United Kingdom February 28, 1922 (Year)
Currency	Egyptian pound (EGP)
Time zone	UTC +2 (EET)
National anthem	Bilady, Bilady, Bilady
Internet TLD	.EG
Calling Code	20

Egypt (Arabic: مصر, Misr or Masr) is the most populous nation of northeastern Africa. It covers about 1,020,000 km². Although it includes the Sinai Peninsula, which is considered part of Southwest Asia, the rest of the country is in North Africa. The main area of habitation is along the Nile river (about 40,000 km²). Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and sparsely inhabited. The country is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most stunning ancient monuments, including Khufu's pyramid, Karnak temple and the Valley of the Kings.

Egypt's population is over 70 million, and, though considered a low-income country, it has a thriving media and arts industry, with more than 30 satellite channels and more than 100 motion pictures produced a year. To bolster its media industry, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it has built a large media city that it has promoted as the "Hollywood of the East".

The capital city, Cairo, is north Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. Today, Egypt is widely considered the main political and cultural center of the Arab world.

Egypt also hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest Islamic institution for higher studies (built around 970 A.D.) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. The head of Al-Azhar is traditionally regarded as the supreme leader of Sunni Muslims all over the world. Egypt also has a strong Christian heritage as evidenced by the existence of the Coptic Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which claims a following of 50 million Coptic Orthodox Christians worldwide.

The permanent headquarters for the Arab League are located in Cairo.

Some famous Egyptians include: Naguib Mahfouz (Nobel Prize-winning novelist), Omar Sharif (actor), Ahmed Zewail (Nobel Prize-winning chemist), Boutros Boutros-Ghali (former Secretary General of the United Nations), Mohamed ElBaradei (head of the International Atomic Energy Agency), and Anwar Sadat (former president and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.)

Table of contents

1 Geography 2 History 3 Politics 4 Governorates 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Military 8 Culture 9 Miscellaneous topics

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Egypt Other towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig.

Deserts: Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert Oases include: Siwa Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis Egypt borders on Libya on the west, on Sudan on the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: as a land bridge between Africa and Asia, and as a passage between the Mediterranian Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.

History

Main articles: History of Egypt For the origin of the name Egypt, see Aegyptus.

The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 BC and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 BC, who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines.

It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517.

Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.

Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II.

See also:

• Pharaoh
• Cradle of Civilization
• Dinshaway Incident

Politics

Main article: Politics of Egypt Egypt is a republic. Hosni Mubarak, has been President since October 14, 1981. Egypt was the first Arab country to establish peace with Israel after the signing of the Camp David Accords.

Governorates

Main article: Governorates of Egypt Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah): Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Egypt Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than 5 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf area, and Europe.

The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society.

The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure, much financed from U.S. aid. Egypt is the second largest recipient of such funds from the United States after Israel.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Egypt Egypt is the most populous Arab country, at about 70,000,000 people. Nearly all the population is concentrated along the River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, and along the Nile Delta and near the Suez Canal.

Military

• Military of Egypt

Culture

Main article: Culture of Egypt

• List of famous Egyptian people
• List of writers from Egypt
• Egyptian mythology
• Coptic Christianity
• Music of Egypt

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Egypt
• Transportation in Egypt
• List of Egypt-related topics