French language

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

French (le francais, la langue francaise) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered only by Spanish and Portuguese. French is the 11th most spoken language in the world, spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and 128 million including second language speakers, in 1999. It is an official or administrative language in various communities and organizations (such as the European Union, IOC, United Nations and Universal Postal Union).

History

Although in the past many Frenchmen liked to refer to their descent from Gallic ancestors ("Nos ancetres les gaulois"), very little Celtic influence seems to remain in the French of today. Most of the vocabulary is of Latin and Germanic (Frankish) origin.

Originally, many dialects (varieties of language common to groups of speakers) and languages were spoken throughout contemporary French territory (among them were several langue d'Oil dialects, like Picard, Valon, etc.), Occitan dialects (Gascon, Provencal, etc.), Breton, Basque, Catalan, Low German, etc., but over time the dialect of the Ile-de-France (the region around Paris), Francien, has supplanted the others and has become the basis for the official French language. The earliest text in French is the Oath of Strasbourg from 842; the period of the language up to around 1300 is called Old French, which after 1300 turned into Middle French, and ultimately, Modern French. Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades. By the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, in 1539 King Francis I made French the official language of administration and court proceedings in France, ousting the Latin that had been used before then.

Geographic distribution

French is an official language in the following countries:

La Francophonie is an international organization of French-speaking countries and governments.

Historically, for nearly 300 years Anglo-Norman French was also the language of the ruling classes and commerce in England, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362, when the use of English was resumed.

Legal status in France

France mandates the use of French in official government publications, education (though these dispositions are often ignored) and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. Contrary to a misunderstanding common in the American and British media, France does not prohibit the use of foreign words in Web pages or any other private publication, which would anyway contradict constitutional guarantees on freedom of speech.

Legal status in Canada

French is one of Canada's two official languages, with English; various provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms deal with the right of Canadians to access services in English and French all across Canada. By law, the federal government must operate and provide services in both English and French; proceedings of the Parliament of Canada must be translated into both English and French; and all Canadian products must be labelled in both English and French.

French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, and is the sole official language of Quebec. See Charter of the French Language.

Dialects of French

• Belgian French
• Swiss French
• Canadian French
  • Quebec French
  • Acadian French
• Cajun French
• Parisian French
• Marseillais French

Languages derived from French

• Haitian Creole
• Michif

Sounds

French spelling is by no means phonetic. Terminal consonants have often become silent in most dialects, unless followed by a vowel sound (liaison) or silent altogether (e.g., "et" is never pronounced with the ending "t"). In many words, the "n" and "m" become silent and cause the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e. pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to cause the air to leave through the nostrils instead of through the mouth). Furthermore, French words tend to run together when spoken, with ending consonants often being chained to the start of the next word.

Vowels

Oral vowels of French (in IPA): Traditionally, French is described as having four distinct nasal vowels: [ɛ~], [ɑ~], [ɔ~], and [œ~]; however, many speakers have merged [œ~] and [ɛ~].

Note: /A/ is for many speakers no longer a phoneme. Whether /@/ (Schwa) is a phoneme of French is controversial. Some see it as an allophone of /9/

Consonants

1. The velar nasal is not a native phoneme of French, but occurs in loan words such as le parking.

Grammar

Main article: French grammar

• the loss of Latin's declensions
• only two grammatical genders
• the development of grammatical articles from Latin demonstratives
• new tenses formed from auxiliaries

Vocabulary

Word Origins

The majority of French words originated from vernacular Latin or were constructed from Latin or Greek roots. There are often pairs of words, one form being popular (noun) and the other one savant (adjective), both originating from Latin. Example:

• brother: frere (brother) / fraternel
• finger: doigt / digital
• faith: foi (faith) / fidele
• cold: froid / frigide
• eye: oeil / oculaire

It is estimated that a little less than 13% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical dictionary such as the Petit Larousse or Micro-Robert Plus (35,000 words) are of foreign origin. About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrows. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient Germanic languages, 481 from ancient Gallo-Roman languages, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from Celtic languages, 159 from Spanish, 153 from Dutch, 112 Farsi and Sanskrit, 101 Native American languages, 89 from other Asian languages, 56 from Afro-Asiatic languages, 55 Slavic languages and Baltic languages, 144 from other languages (3% of the total).

Source: Henriette Walter, Gerard Walter, Dictionnaire des mots d'origine etrangere, 1998.

Writing system

French is written using the Latin alphabet, plus five diacritics (the circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis, and cedilla) and a ligature (œ).

Spelling corresponds only weakly to pronunciation; in general, the written form is more conservative than the spoken form. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. However, some conscious changes were also made to restore Latin orthography:

• Old French doit > French doigt "finger" (Latin digitum)
• Old French pie > French pied "foot" (Latin pedem)

On the other hand, it's very generally possible to predict the sound based on the spelling.

The diacritics have phonetic, semantic, and etymological significance.

• grave accent (à, è, ù): Over a or u, used only to distinguish homophones: à ("to") vs. a ("has"), ou ("or") vs. où ("where"). Over an e, indicates the sound /ε/.
• acute accent (é): Over an e, indicates the sound /e/. Also usually indicates the historical deletion of a following consonant (usually an s): écouter < escouter.
• circumflex (â, ê, î, ô û): Over an e, indicates the sound /ε/. May also indicate the historical deletion of an adjacent letter (usually an s): château < castel, fête < feste, sûr < seur, dîner < disner. By extension, it has also come to be used to distinguish homophones: du ("of the") vs. dû (past participle of devoir "to owe").
• diaeresis or trema (ë, ï): Indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: naïve, Noël. Diaeresis on y only occurs in some proper names (such as l'Hay-les-Roses) and in old French.
• cedilla (ç): Indicates that a c is prononuced /s/ when it would otherwise be pronounced /k/.

The ligature œ is simply an optional contraction of oe, and has no special significance.

Some attempts have been made to reform French spelling, but few changes have been made over the last two centuries.

Some common phrases

• French: français /frA~ sE/ ("fran-seh")
• hello: bonjour /bO~ Zur/ ("bon-zhoor")
• good-bye: au revoir /o r@ vwar/ ("o-ruh-vwar")
• please: s'il vous plait /sil vu plE/ ("sill voo pleh")
• thank you: merci /mEr si/ ("mairr-see")
• you're welcome: de rien /d@ riE~/ ("duh ryeh") (France); bienvenue /bjE~ v@ ny/ ("byeh-venuh") (Quebec)
• that one: celui-la ("sull-wee la") or celle-la /s@ la/ ("cell-la")
• how much?: combien /kO~ bjE~/ ("kom-byeh")
• English: anglais /A~ glE/ ("ahng-gleh")
• yes: oui /wi/ ("wee")
• no: non /nO~/ ("non")
• I'm sorry: Je suis désolé ("zhuh swee deh-zo-leh")
• I don't understand: Je ne comprends pas /Z@~ n@ co~'pRA~ 'pa/ ("zhuh nuh comprahn pa")
• Where is the toilet?: Où sont les toilettes? /u sO~ lE twa lEt/ ("oo son leh twa-let")
• Cheers (toast to someone's health): Tchin ("chin") or Santé ("san-teh")
• Do you speak English?: Parlez-vous anglais ? /par lE vu A~ glE/ ("par-leh voo ang-gleh") OR "Vous parlez anglais ?" /vu par lE A~ glE/ ("voo par-leh ang-leh")
• damn!: merde! ("maird")

See also

• Academie Francaise
• French phrases used by English speakers
• French proverbs
• Common phrases in different languages
• Verlan
• Languages of France

External links

• Learning the French language - A wikibook.
• Academie Francaise
• French Pronunciation
• Frenchlesson.org
• Ethnologue report for French
• Beginning French Vocabulary
• Free online resources for learners
• French - English Dictionary
• French Wikipedia