Georgia (country)

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Georgia (საქართველო Sakartvelo in Georgian), known from 1990 to 1995 as the Republic of Georgia, is a country to the east of the Black Sea in the south Caucasus. A former republic of the Soviet Union, it shares borders with Russia in the north and Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan in the south.

საქართველო
Sakartvelo

In Detail)
National motto:
Official language	Georgian
Capital and largest city	Tbilisi
Capital's coordinates	41° 43' N, 44° 48' E
President	Mikhail Saakashvili
Prime Minister	Zurab Zhvania
Speaker of the Parliament	Nino Burjanadze
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 118th 69,700 km² Negligible
Population - Total (2003Estimation>E) - Density	Ranked 111th 4,934,413 71/km²
Independence	From Soviet Union 9 April 1991
Currency	Lari (ISO 4217>GEL)
Time zone	UTC +4 (DST +5)
National anthem	Dideba zetsit kurtheuls
Internet TLD	.ge
Calling Code	995

Table of contents

1 History 2 Politics 3 Subdivisions 4 Origin of the name 5 Former Flag 6 Geography 7 Economy 8 Demographics 9 Culture 10 Miscellaneous topics 11 External links and references

History

Main article: History of Georgia Georgia was taken over by the Russian Tsarist Empire on September 12, 1801. After the Russian Revolution it declared independence on May 26, 1918 during the Russian Civil War. In February 25, 1921 the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia and was incorporated into a Transcaucasian Federative Soviet Socialist Republic uniting Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The TFSSR was disaggregated into its component elements in 1936 and Georgia became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the perestroika reforms of the late 1980s, Georgia developed a vigorous multiparty system that strongly favoured independence. The country staged the first democratic multiparty elections in the Soviet Union on October 28, 1990. Shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991, Georgia declared independence again. Several areas, including Abkhazia and South Ossetia, quickly became embroiled in separatist disputes that led to civil wars and widespread inter-ethnic violence. The Georgian government still does not control large parts of its territory and an uneasy ceasefire prevails in Abkhazia.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Georgia See also Foreign relations of Georgia Following a crisis involving allegations of ballot fraud in the 2003 parliamentary elections, Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as President on November 23, 2003. The interim president was the speaker of the outgoing parliament (whose replacement was annulled), Nino Burjanadze. On January 4, 2004 Mikhail Saakashvili, leader of the National Movement - Democrats (NMD) (former United National Movement) won the country's presidential election and was inaugurated on January 25. Fresh parliamentary elections were held on March 28 where NMD secured the waste majority of the seats (with ca. 75% of the votes) with only one other party reaching the 7% threshold (the Rightist Opposition with ca. 7.5%). The vote is belived to have been one of the freest ever held in independent Georgia although a surge of tension between the central government and the Ajarian leader Aslan Abashidze injured the elections in this region.
The tension between the Georgian government and that of Ajuria grew increasingly after the elections until late April. Climaxing on May 1 when Abashidze responded to military maneuvers held by Georgia near the region with having the three bridges connecting Ajaria and the rest of Georgia over the Choloki River blown up. On May 5 Abashidze was forced to flee Georgia as mass demonstrations in Batumi called for his resignation and Russia increased their pressure by deploying Security Council secretary Igor Ivanov.

Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of Georgia Georgia is divided into 53 provinces, 11 cities and 2 autonomous republics.

Autonomous republics: Abkhazia, Ajaria.
Cities: Chiatura, Batumi, Gori, Kutaisi, Poti, Rustavi, Sokhumi, Tbilisi, Tkibuli, Tskaltubo, Tskhinvali
Provinces: Districts of Abasha, Adigeni, Akhalgora, Akhaltsikhe, Akhmeta, Ambrolauri, Aspindza, Baghdati, Bolnisi, Borjomi, Chkhorotsku, Chokhatauri, Dedoplistskaro, Dmanisi, Dusheti, Gardabani, Gurjaani, Java, Kareli, Kaspi, Kharagauli, Khashuri, Khobi, Khoni, Lagodekhi, Lanchkhuti, Lentekhi, Marneuli, Martvili, Mestia, Mtskheta, Ninotsminda, Oni, Ozurgeti, Kazbegi, Kvareli, Sachkhere, Sagarejo, Samtredia, Senaki, Sighnagi,Telavi, Terjola, Tetritskaro, Tianeti, Tsageri, Tsalenjikha, Tsalka, Vani, Zestaponi, Zugdidi

Origin of the name

Georgians call themselves Kartvelebi, their land Sakartvelo, and their language Kartuli. These names are derived from a pagan god called Kartlos, said to be the father of all Georgians. The foreign name Georgia, used throughout Western Europe, is mistakenly believed to come from the country's patron saint, St. George. Actually it is derived from the names Kurj or Gurj, by which they are known to the Arabs and modern Persians. Another theory purports that the name comes from the Greek geo (earth), because when the Greeks came to Georgia they saw the Georgians working the land.

The Classical world knew the inhabitants of eastern Georgia as Iberians, from the Caucasian kingdom of Iberia — thus confusing the geographers of antiquity, who thought this name applied only to the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). [1]

Former Flag

In use from 1991 to January 25, 2004. Also previously used from 1918 to 1921.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Georgia In the north, Georgia has a 723km common border with Russia, specifically with the Northern Caucasus federal district. The following Russian republics/subdivisions - from west to east - border Georgia: Krasnodar Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan.

Main cities:

• Tbilisi (1,200,000, metro area 1,400,000)
• Kutaisi (270,000)

Economy

Main article: Economy of Georgia

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Georgia

• Religion and religious freedom in Georgia
• South Ossetia

Culture

Main article: Culture of Georgia See also Georgian language

Miscellaneous topics

• Georgian people
• Communications in Georgia
• Transportation in Georgia
• Military of Georgia
• List of Georgians
• Georgian Academy of Sciences
• Tbilisi State University
• Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church
• Georgian National Section of EUROSCIENCE
• Lelos Rugby Team (Georgian national rugby union team)

External links and references

• CIA World Factbook
• Parliament of Georgia
• Visit Georgia tourist agency country information
• Tedsnet.de - Fotos, Geografie, Maps, Culture
• Map of cities
• http://www.marxist.com/Asia/georgia_letter.html - A student's report on the 2003 revolution
• Georgia resource page on Eurasianet