Hungary

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Republic of Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars or Magyarorszag. Together with Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic it forms the Visegrad group of nations.

Magyar Koeztarsasag

(In Detail) (Full size)
National motto: None
Official language	Hungarian
Capital	Budapest
President	Ferenc Madl
Prime Minister	Peter Medgyessy
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 108th 93,030 km² 0.74%
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 78th 10,106,017 109/km²
Independence	October 31, 1918
Currency	Forint (HUF)
Time zone	UTC +1
National anthem	Himnusz (Isten aldd meg a magyart)
Internet TLD	.HU
Calling Code	36

Table of contents

1 History 2 Politics 3 Counties 4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Culture 8 Miscellaneous topics 9 External links

History

Main article: History of Hungary Tradition holds that Hungary was founded by Arpad, who led the Magyars into the Pannonian plains in the 9th century. The kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 by Saint-King Stephen the Great. Initially the history of Hungary was made in the triangle with Poland and Bohemia, with the many liaisons with Popes and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.

Gradually Hungary turned into a big, independent kingdom, that formed a tolerant Central European culture, as a part of European civilisation. The Hungarian culture influenced others, i.e. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The golden age ended with the Ottoman conquest at the beginning of the 16th century, when the rest of Hungary came under Austrian control in the 16th century, with Austria conquering all of Hungary by the end of the 17th century.

Under the Austrian Habsburg dynasty Hungary would eventually, in 1867, become an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its collapse following World War I. Hungary declared its full independence on October 31, 1918, though it lost most of its former territory and population (mostly non-Hungarian nationals)to neighbouring nations. After the failures of the new government under Mihaly Karolyi, Hungary was invaded by Romania and Budapest occupied in 1919. Soon after, there was a communist revolution, which failed after three months. During this state of anarchy, Admiral Miklos Horthy was persuaded to take power. Over a decade later, Horthy made a limited alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s in order to revise the Treaty of Trianon. Hungary took an active part in world war II and was rewarded by Germany with territories belonging to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania. However, Hitler had to replace Horthy with a Hungarian Nazi collaborator in order to avoid Hungary defection after Germans defeats by Russia in 1943.

Following the fall of Hitler, Hungary once again was run by communists. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a military intervention by the Soviet Union and led to the deposition and execution of prime minister Imre Nagy. In the late 1980s, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 1999 and joined the European Union on May 1, 2004.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Hungary The President of the Republic, elected by the parliament every 4 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers also include appointing the prime minister. The prime minister selects cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the president.

The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (the Orszaggyűles) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. A party must win at least 5% of the national vote to form a parliamentary faction. National parliamentary elections are held every 4 years (the last was in April 2002). A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.

Counties

Main article: Counties of Hungary Hungary is subdivided administratively into 40 regions. Of these, 19 are counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 20 are so-called urban counties (singular - megyei varos), in addition to which there is one capital city (fővaros): Budapest. The other 39 are:

Urban counties

Counties (County Capital)

Bekescsaba Debrecen Dunaujvaros Eger Győr Hodmezővasarhely Kaposvar Kecskemet Miskolc Nagykanizsa Nyiregyhaza Pecs Sopron Szeged Szekesfehervar Szolnok Szombathely Tatabanya Veszprem Zalaegerszeg

Bacs-Kiskun (Kecskemet) Baranya (Pecs) Bekes (Bekescsaba) Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen (Miskolc) Csongrad (Szeged) Fejer (Szekesfehervar) Győr-Moson-Sopron (Győr) Hajdu-Bihar (Debrecen) Heves (Eger) Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok (Szolnok) Komarom-Esztergom (Tatabanya) Nograd (Salgotarjan) Pest (Budapest) Somogy (Kaposvar) Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg (Nyiregyhaza) Tolna (Szekszard) Vas (Szombathely) Veszprem (Veszprem) Zala (Zalaegerszeg)

See also: List of historic counties of Hungary

Geography

Main article: Geography of Hungary Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin, with hills and lower mountains to the north along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kekes at 1,014 m). Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Theiss (Tisza) and Drava, while the western half contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Heviz (Heviz Spa) is located in Hungary. And the second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin (and probably the largest artificial lake in Europe) is Tisza-to (Lake Theiss).

The local climate is temperate, with cold, cloudy, humid winters and warm summers, and the relative isolation of the Carpathian Basin makes it susceptible to droughts. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hungary Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth and to work toward accession to the European Union. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms is widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation and unemployment - both priority concerns in 2001 - have declined substantially. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing have not yet been addressed by the present government.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hungary Some 98% of the population speaks Hungarian, a Finno Ugric language unrelated to any neighbouring language. Several ethnic minorities exist, such as those of the Roma (4%), Germanss (2.6%), Serbs (2%), Croats (0.9%), Slovaks (0.8%) and Romanians (0.7%), though most speak Hungarian. Several large Hungarian minorities exist across the border in neighbouring countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia) , Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania) and Serbia (in Vojvodina).

The largest religion in Hungary is Roman Catholicism (67.5%), with a Calvinist minority (20%). Other smaller denominations include Lutherans (5%) and Jews (0.2%). The remainder adheres to very small religions or is unaffiliated.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Hungary

• List of Hungarians
• List of Hungarian rulers
• List of Hungarian writers
• Music of Hungary
• Hungarian cuisine
• Common Hungarian surnames

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Hungary
• Transportation in Hungary
• Military of Hungary
• Foreign relations of Hungary

External links

• History of Hungary - The Corvinus Library
• History of Hungary - Chronological Survey: 2500 BC - 2004 AD
• Hungarian Government Portal - Main (governmental) portal
• Kancellaria.gov.hu - Official prime ministerial site
• House of the Nation - Official parliamentary site
• Travel to Hungary Guide
• Hungarian History (Hungarian Folk Dance Chamber Group)
• Hungary in Pictures (Some pictures of Budapest and Hungarian towns)
• Budapest & Hungary Pictures (Hungarian Sights with description)
• Worldguide of Hungary by LonelyPlanet.com