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Prime Minister

Summary: Alternate meaning: Prime Minister (band) A prime minister is the chief member of the cabinet in a parliamentary system of government, or alternatively an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the directives of the President and manage the civil service. ...

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Prime Minister

     From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alternate meaning: Prime Minister (band)
A prime minister is the chief member of the cabinet in a parliamentary system of government, or alternatively an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the directives of the President and manage the civil service.

In a parliamentary system, such as the Westminster System, generally the Prime Minister is, in practice, the head of the government while the head of state is largely a ceremonial position. In some monarchies the prime minister exercises powers (known as the Royal Prerogative) which are constitutionally vested in the monarch and which can be exercised without the approval of parliament. As well as being head of Government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles - the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury. Sometimes they may combine the post with another ministerial office - for example during the Second World War Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence.

Table of contents
1 Prime Ministers in both Republics & Monarchies
2 Method of Entry into Office
3 Prime Ministers in Constitutions
4 Exit from Office
5 title of Prime Minister
6 Articles on prime ministers
7 Lists of prime ministers
8 External links

Prime Ministers in both Republics & Monarchies

Prime Ministers can be found in both constitutional monarchies (as is the case in the United Kingdom, Norway and Japan), and in republics, where the head of state is an elected or unelected official with varying degrees of real power. This contrasts with a presidential system, where the President (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. See also "First Minister", "Premier" which are distinct from "prime minister." In some presidential or semi-presidential systems such as France, Russia, South Korea or Taiwan the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the President but approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the President and managing the civil service. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different than that of the president. This is a situation which is known as cohabitation.

Method of Entry into Office

In parliamentary systems a prime minister can enter into office by a number of means.

  • by appointment by the head of state without the need for confirmation by parliament; Example: The United Kingdom, where the monarch appoints a prime minister without the need for confirmation from parliament, which gets its first chance to indicate its view on the new government in the vote on the Speech from the Throne, in which the new government outlines its legislative programme. The method of prime ministerial appointment by the British sovereign is known as to Kiss Hands. Article 190 of the 1982 'Portuguese Constitution, for example, states that
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President of the Republic after consultation and with the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic, due regard being had to the [general] election results.
  • the head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister; Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also Germany where under the Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the Federal President. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state.)
  • the head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which s/he must gain a vote of confidence; (Example: Italy.)
  • appointment by a state office holder other than the head of state or his/her representative; Example: Under the modern Instrument of Government 1974, which came into force in 1975, the power of commissioning someone to form a government was moved from the King of Sweden to the Speaker of Parliament, who, once it has been approved, formally makes the appointment.
Though most prime ministers are 'appointed', they are generally if inaccurately described as 'elected'.

Prime Ministers in Constitutions

The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution in individuals.

Britain's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first official mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century.

Australia's Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (1900) makes no mention of a prime minister of Australia. The office has a de facto existence at the head of the Executive Council.

Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hEireann (1937) provided for the office of taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties.

Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal Chancellor.

Exit from Office

Contrary to popular and journalistic myth, most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term of office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continually in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office on the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.)

In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block Supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose Supply, most constitutional systems require either:
  • resignation, or
  • a request of a parliamentary dissolution.
The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the highest court in the land, the court of public opinion through an election. However in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the Prime Minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. (In Britain, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

title of Prime Minister


Michael Manley
Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 through 1980 and again from 1989 until 1992.
A number of different terms are used to describe prime ministers. The German prime minister is actually titled "Federal Chancellor" while the Irish Prime Minister is called the Taoiseach. In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the British prime minister is (usually) "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service", and the Spanish prime minister is the "President of the Government" (Presidente del Gobierno). Other common forms include president (or chairman) of the Council of Ministers, or of the Executive Council (&c.), or "Minister-President".


Articles on prime ministers

Lists of prime ministers

The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.

Country Starts 1 Lifespan2 Party 3 Coalition 4 From-To 5 Terms 6 Present Incumbent 7
Albania 1914 - - - years yes Fatos Nano
Armenia 1918 - - yes dates yes Andranik Markaryan
Australia 1901 dates yes - dates yes John Howard
Bangladesh 1971 - yes - dates yes Khaleda Zia
Belgium 1918 years - - dates yes Guy Verhofstadt
Belize 1973 - yes - years - Said Musa
Bulgaria 1879 - - - dates - Simeon Sakskoburggotski
Canada 1867 - yes - dates yes Paul Martin
Cook Islands 1965 - yes - dates yes Robert Woonton
Croatia 1990 - - - dates - Ivo Sanader
Czech Republic/Czechoslovakia 1969 - - - years - Vladimir Špidla
Denmark 1848 years (partial) - - years yes Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Fiji 1966 - - - years yes Laisenia Qarase
Finland 1917 years yes - years - Matti Vanhanen
France 1815 - - - years - Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Georgia 1918 - yes - dates yes Zurab Zhvania
Greece 1833 years - - dates - Kostas Karamanlis
Greenland 1979 - - - years - Hans Enoksen
Hungary 1848 - - - dates - Peter Medgyessy
Iceland 1904 - - - years - Davio Oddsson
India 1947 - yes - dates yes Atal Behari Vajpayee
Iraq 1920 - - - years yes (vacant)
Ireland 1937 - yes yes years - Bertie Ahern
Israel 1948 - - - years - Ariel Sharon
Italy 1861 - - - years - Silvio Berlusconi
Jamaica 1959 - - - years - Percival Patterson
Japan 1885 - - - years yes Junichiro Koizumi
Latvia 1990 - yes - dates yes Indulis Emsis
Lithuania 1990 - yes - dates yes Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas
Luxembourg 1959 years - - years - Jean-Claude Juncker
Malaysia 1957 - yes - years yes Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Malta 1921 - yes - years yes Lawrence Gonzi
Mongolia 1912 - yes - dates - Nambaryn Enkhbayar
Myanmar (Burma) 1948 - yes - dates yes Khin Nyunt
Netherlands 1945 - yes yes dates yes Jan Peter Balkenende
New Zealand 1856 - yes - dates yes Helen Clark
North Korea 1948 - n/a - years - Pak Pong-ju
Norway 1814 - - - years - Kjell Magne Bondevik
Pakistan 1947 - - - dates yes Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Papua New Guinea 1975 - - - years - Michael Somare
Poland 1917 - - - dates - Marek Belka
Portugal 1980 years - - years - Jose Durao Barroso
Romania 1862 - - - years - Adrian Năstase
Russia 1991 - yes - dates - Mikhail Fradkov
Serbia 1805 years yes yes years yes Vojislav Kostunica
Slovenia 1990 - yes - years yes Anton Rop
South Africa 1910 - - - dates - (Post Abolished)
Spain 7 1902 - - - years - Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero
Sri Lanka 1948 - - - dates - Mahinda Rajapakse
Sweden 1876 - partial yes years - Goeran Persson
Thailand 1932 - - - years - Thaksin Shinawatra
United Arab Emirates 1971 - - - years - Maktoum Bin Rashid al-Maktoum
United Kingdom 1721 - yes - years - Tony Blair
Vietnam 1976 - yes - dates - Phan Van Khai
Notes: Information included in the different lists:
  • "Years" means only the year of election or birth, "Date" the actual date
  • "yes" information is available, "-" information is not included or "n/a" not applicable.
The list of incumbents starts in this year.
  • Date/year of birth/death of the prime minister.
  • The party affiliation of the office holder.
  • Coalition partners of the governing party.
  • Dates or years, when the prime ministers were in office.
  • The number of terms of the ministers.
  • Adds head of State

    • External links

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