Satire

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Satire is a literary technique of writing or art which principally ridicules its subject (individuals, organisations, states) often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. In Celtic societies, it was thought a bard's satire could have physical effects, similar to a curse. A satirist is one who satirizes.

Satire is not exclusive to any viewpoint. Parody is a form of satire that imitates another work of art in order to ridicule it.

There are several types of satire:

• Diminution: Reduces the size of something in order that it may be made to appear ridiculous or in order to be examined closely and have its faults seen close up. For example, treating the Canadian Members of Parliament as a squabbling group of little boys is an example of diminution. Gulliver's Travels is a diminutive satire.

• Inflation: A common technique of satire is to take a real-life situation and exaggerate it to such a degree that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen, and thus satirical. For example, two boys arguing over a possession of a car can be inflated into an interstellar war. The Rape of the Lock is an example of inflation.

• Juxtaposition: Places things of unequal importance side by side. It brings all the things down to the lowest level of importance on the list. For example, if a guy says his important subjects in school include Calculus, Computer Science, Physics, and girl-watching, he has managed to take away some of the importance of the first three. The Rape of the Lock is also an example of juxtaposition.

• Parody: Imitates the techniques and style of some person, place, or thing. Parody is used for mocking or mocking its idea of the person, place, or thing. Monty Python is an example of parody.

For example, satires of Gothic are often presented in the form of 'recipes': Take - An old castle, half of it ruinous. A long gallery, with a great many door, some secret ones. Three murdered bodies, quite fresh. As many skeletons, in chests and presses. An old woman hanging by the neck; with her throat cut. Assassins and desperadoes, quant. suff Noise, whispers, and groans, threescore at least. Mix them together, in the form of volumes, to be taken at any of the watering places before going to bed.

Some examples of satire are:

• Juvenal (c.A.D. 55-140) 16 Satires
• A Tale of a Tub, Gulliver's Travels and "A Modest Proposal" by Jonathan Swift, harsh views of the world
• Candide by Voltaire, satirizing optimism
• Erewhon by Samuel Butler II, a utopia, a form that is common in satire.
• Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, a dystopia, also common in satire.
• Ubu Roi (or King Turd), by Alfred Jarry, cacotopia
• Penguin Island by Anatole France, utopia
• Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, dystopia
• Mark Twain's later works, notably The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyburg
• Wise Blood by Flannery O'Connor, satirizing contemporary religious attitudes
• C. Northcote Parkinson's satires on bureaucracy.
• Thomas Nast's political cartoons against Boss Tweed
• The Landover Baptist Church, an internet parody of Christian fundamentalism
• Al Franken writer of political satire
• Stanley Kubrick's motion pictures Doctor Strangelove and A Clockwork Orange.
• le Canard Enchaine publishes satiric cartoons and columns along with well-researched information on French political or economic life.

The line between parody and satire is often blurred. Satires need not be humorous -- indeed they are often tragic -- while parodies are almost inevitably humorous. Parodies are imitative by definition, while satires need not be. Some parodies with heavy elements of satire include:

• The Monty Python opus, satirizing British character types.
• Private Eye magazine
• The Onion, parody of journalism
• Chris Morris's Brass Eye, parody of TV news programmes
• The Daily Show, parody of TV news
• Hot Shots, parody of Top Gun, and Hot Shots 2, parody of the Rambo films
• The Austin Powers trilogy, parody of 60s spy films
• The Capitol Steps musical performances satires politics from both sides of the political spectrum and day-to-day life
• The Scary Movie films, parodies of horror films
• The Misprint, similar to The Onion, parodies politics in India

Some works of satire are subtle enough in their exaggeration that they still seem believable to many people. The comedic intent of these works of satire may be lost on the public at large, and there have been instances where the author or producers of a satirical work have been harshly criticized as a result. In 2002 the British network Channel 4 aired a satiric "mockumentary" entitled Paedogeddon, in the Brass Eye series, which was intended to mock and satirize the fascination of modern journalism with child molestors and paedophiless. The TV network received an enormous number of complaints from members of the public, who were outraged that the show would mock a subject considered by many to be too "serious" to be the subject of humor. The movie This is Spinal Tap, a parody of rockumentaries about a fictitious and ridiculous hard rock band was mistaken for a non-fiction by some critics.

On occasion, satire can cause social change when used to make a political or social point (although simply revealing absurdities to the public, as opposed to the quality of the satire, may be the actual cause of any consequences). For instance, the comic strip Doonesbury satirized a Florida county that had a racist law that minorities had to have a passcard in the area; the law was soon repealed with an act nicknamed the Doonesbury Act. In the 2000 Canadian federal election campaign, a Canadian Alliance proposal for a mechanism to require a referendum in response to a petition of sufficient size was satirized by the television show This Hour Has 22 Minutes so effectively that it was discredited and soon dropped.

Satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the Satire Boom, led by such luminaries as Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, David Frost, Eleanor Bron and Dudley Moore and the television programme That Was The Week That Was.