Slovenia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The Republic of Slovenia (Slovenian 'Slovenija\') is a littoral and pre-Alpine country in the South of Central Europe bordering Italy in the west, the Adriatic Sea in the south-west, Croatia in the south and the east, Hungary in the north-east and Austria in the north. Once a constitutive republic of the Yugoslavia, it declared independence in 1991 and became a member of European Union on 1 May 2004.
| ||||
| National motto: None | ||||
| Official language | Slovenian | |||
| Capital | Ljubljana | |||
| President | Janez Drnovšek | |||
| Prime Minister | Anton Rop | |||
| Area - Total - % water | Ranked 150th 20,273 km˛ 0.6% | |||
| Population
- Total (2002) - Density | Ranked 142nd
1,964,036 98,3/km² | |||
| Independence
- Declared - Recognised | From Yugoslavia
June 25, 1991 1992 | |||
| Currency | Tolar | |||
| Time zone | UTC +1 | |||
| National anthem | Zdravljica | |||
| Internet TLD | .SI | |||
| Calling Code | 386 | |||
History
Main article: History of Slovenia As it is believed the Slavic ancestors of the present-day Slovenians settled in the area in the 6th century. In the 7th century the Slavic Duchy of Carantania, the first Slovenian and first stable Slavic state, was formed. In 745, Karantania loses its independence and becomes a tantamount part of the Frankish empire, many Slavs are gradually converted to Christianity.
Around 1000, the Freising manuscripts are written, representing the first written document in Slovenian and the first ever Slavic dialect written in Latin script. During the 14th century, most of Slovenia's regions pass to the possession of the Habsburgs, which later form the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Slovenians inhabiting all or most of the provinces of Carniola, Gorizia, and Gradisca, and parts of the provinces of Istria and Styria.
In 1848 a strong programme for the United Slovenia appeared in the so called of Spring of nations within Austria-Hungary.
With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918, the Slovenians join the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later in 1929 renamed to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After Yugoslavia was re-created at the end of World War II, Slovenia joined the Federal Peoples' Republic of Yugoslavia, officially declared on November 29 1945. Present-day Slovenia was formed on June 25, 1991 with its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Slovenia joined NATO on March 29 2004 and joined the European Union on May 1 2004.
See also (a non-academic) Timeline of Slovenian history
Politics
Main article: Politics of Slovenia The Slovenian head of state is the president, who is elected by popular vote every 5 years. In his task as head of the executive branch, the president is aided by the prime minister and the council of ministers or cabinet, which are elected by parliament.
The bicameral Slovenian parliament consists of the National Assembly or Državni zbor, and the Državni svet or National Council. The National Assembly has 90 seats, which are partially filled with directly elected representatives, and partially with proportionally elected representatives. The National Council has 22 seats, and is made up of representatives of social, economic, professional and local interest groups. Parliamentary elections are held every four years.
Regions
- Upper Carniola (Gorenjska)
- Styria (Štajerska)
- Mur Region (Prekmurje)
- Carinthia (Koroška)
- Inner Carniola (Notranjska)
- Lower Carniola (Dolenjska)
- White Carniola (Bela krajina)
- Littoral Region (Primorska)
Municipalities
Main article: Municipalities of Slovenia Slovenia is divided into 147 municipalities (občine, singular - občina), of which 11 have urban status (marked with *).
|
|
|
Geography
Main article: Geography of Slovenia Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the Alps, the Dinaric area, the Pannonian plain and the Mediterranean. Slovenia's highest peak is Mt. Triglav (2864 m); the country's average height above the sea level is 557 m. Around one half of the country (10,124 km²) is covered by forests; this makes Slovenia the third most forested country in Europe, right after Finland and Sweden. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the Kočevje area. Grassland covers 5593 km² of the country and fields and gardens 2471 km². There are also 363 km² of orchards and 216 km² of vineyards.
Its climate is Mediterranean on the coast, Alpine in the mountains and continental with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east. The average temperatures are -2°C in January and 21°C in July. The average rainfall is 1000 mm for the coast, up to 3500 mm for the Alps, 800 mm for south east and 1400 mm for central Slovenia.
See also: National parks of Slovenia.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Slovenia Slovenia continues to enjoy the highest GDP per capita of the transitioning economies of the region. The country is experiencing an increased, yet manageable, rate of inflation and anticipates increased GDP growth during the year 2000 as growth accelerates in the EU, Slovenia's leading export market. The country is on a sound economic footing. However, much work remains to be done in the areas of privatisation and capital market reform.
During 2000, privatisations were seen in the banking, telecommunications, and public utility sectors. Restrictions on foreign investment are slowly being dismantled, and foreign direct investment (FDI) is expected to increase over the next two years. Slovenia can be considered one of the economic front-runners of the countries that joined the European Union in 2004.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Slovenia Slovenia's ethnic groups represent Slovenians (89%), Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and other nationalities of the former Yugoslavia (10%) and the ethnic Hungarian and Italian minorities (0.5%). Life expectancy in 2000 was 71.80 years for men and 79.50 years for women.
With 95 inhabitants per km², Slovenia ranks low among the European countries (compare with 320/km² for the Netherlands or 195/km² for Italy). Approximately 50% of the total population lives in urban areas, the rest in rural.
The official language is Slovenian, which is a member of the South Slavic language group. Hungarian and Italian enjoy the status of official language in the nationally mixed regions along the Hungarian and Italian border.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Slovenia Slovenia's learned men include physicist Jožef Stefan , linguist Franc Miklošič and mathematician Jurij Vega. See List of Slovenians.
Slovenia is a homeland of numerous musicians and composers, including Renaissance composer Jacobus Gallus and more contemporary ones like Slavko Avsenik and Laibach.
See also: Music of Slovenia
Holidays
There are two kinds of holidays in Slovenia - national holidays and work-free days. National holidays are those celebrated by the state - this includes official functions and flying of the national flag. The latter are actually Catholic religious holidays (Christmas, Easter and Assumption), which are equivalent to any Sunday - companies and schools stay closed, but there is no official celebration.
List of Holidays
| Date | English Name | Slovenian Name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 1 and 2 | New Year | Novo leto | |
| February 8 | Prešeren's day, the Slovenian cultural holiday | Prešernov dan, slovenski kulturni praznik | aniversary of the death of Slovenian poet France Prešeren, established as the national cultural day in 1942 |
| - | Easter Sunday and Monday | Velika noč in velikonočni ponedeljek | work-free day, date varies |
| April 27 | Day of Uprising Against Occupation | Dan upora proti okupatorju | Formerly Liberation Front Day (Dan Osvobodilne fronte), marks the establishment, in 1941, of the Liberation Front to fight the German, Italian and Hungarian occupation of Slovenia |
| May 1 and 2 | Labour Day | Praznik dela | |
| - | Pentecostal Sunday | Binkoštna nedelja | work-free day, date varies |
| June 25 | Statehood Day | Dan državnosti | Commemorates the proclamation of independendce in 1991 |
| August 15 | Assumption Day | Marijino vnebovzetje (veliki šmaren) | work-free day |
| October 31 | Reformation Day | Dan reformacije | work-free day |
| November 1 | Remembrance Day | Dan spomina na mrtve | Formerly called The Day of the Dead (Dan mrtvih) |
| December 25 | Christmas | Božič | work-free day |
| December 26 | Independence Day | Dan neodvisnosti | Commemorates the proclamation of the independence plebiscite results in 1990 |
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications in Slovenia
- Transportation in Slovenia
- Military of Slovenia
- Foreign relations of Slovenia
See also
Geographical sights
- Geometric center of Slovenia (Geoss)
- Coast of Slovenia
Institutions
The Republic of Slovenia (Slovenian Slovenija) is a littoral and pre-Alpine country in the South of Central Europe bordering Italy in the west, the Adriatic Sea in the south-west, Croatia in the south and the east, Hungary in the north-east and Austria in the north. Once a constitutive republic of the Yugoslavia, it declared independence in 1991 and became a member of European Union on 1 May 2004.
| ||||
| National motto: None | ||||
| Official language | Slovenian | |||
| Capital | Ljubljana | |||
| President | Janez Drnovšek | |||
| Prime Minister | Anton Rop | |||
| Area - Total - % water | Ranked 150th 20,273 km˛ 0.6% | |||
| Population
- Total (2002) - Density | Ranked 142nd
1,964,036 98,3/km² | |||
| Independence
- Declared - Recognised | From Yugoslavia
June 25, 1991 1992 | |||
| Currency | Tolar | |||
| Time zone | UTC +1 | |||
| National anthem | Zdravljica | |||
| Internet TLD | .SI | |||
| Calling Code | 386 | |||
History
Main article: History of Slovenia As it is believed the Slavic ancestors of the present-day Slovenians settled in the area in the 6th century. In the 7th century the Slavic Duchy of Carantania, the first Slovenian and first stable Slavic state, was formed. In 745, Karantania loses its independence and becomes a tantamount part of the Frankish empire, many Slavs are gradually converted to Christianity.
Around 1000, the Freising manuscripts are written, representing the first written document in Slovenian and the first ever Slavic dialect written in Latin script. During the 14th century, most of Slovenia's regions pass to the possession of the Habsburgs, which later form the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Slovenians inhabiting all or most of the provinces of Carniola, Gorizia, and Gradisca, and parts of the provinces of Istria and Styria.
In 1848 a strong programme for the United Slovenia appeared in the so called of Spring of nations within Austria-Hungary.
With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918, the Slovenians join the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later in 1929 renamed to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After Yugoslavia was re-created at the end of World War II, Slovenia joined the Federal Peoples' Republic of Yugoslavia, officially declared on November 29 1945. Present-day Slovenia was formed on June 25, 1991 with its independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Slovenia joined NATO on March 29 2004 and joined the European Union on May 1 2004.
See also (a non-academic) Timeline of Slovenian history
Politics
Main article: Politics of Slovenia The Slovenian head of state is the president, who is elected by popular vote every 5 years. In his task as head of the executive branch, the president is aided by the prime minister and the council of ministers or cabinet, which are elected by parliament.
The bicameral Slovenian parliament consists of the National Assembly or Državni zbor, and the Državni svet or National Council. The National Assembly has 90 seats, which are partially filled with directly elected representatives, and partially with proportionally elected representatives. The National Council has 22 seats, and is made up of representatives of social, economic, professional and local interest groups. Parliamentary elections are held every four years.
Regions
- Upper Carniola (Gorenjska)
- Styria (Štajerska)
- Mur Region (Prekmurje)
- Carinthia (Koroška)
- Inner Carniola (Notranjska)
- Lower Carniola (Dolenjska)
- White Carniola (Bela krajina)
- Littoral Region (Primorska)
Municipalities
Main article: Municipalities of Slovenia Slovenia is divided into 147 municipalities (občine, singular - občina\), of which 11 have urban status (marked with *).
|
|
|
Geography
Main article: Geography of Slovenia Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the Alps, the Dinaric area, the Pannonian plain and the Mediterranean. Slovenia's highest peak is Mt. Triglav (2864 m); the country's average height above the sea level is 557 m. Around one half of the country (10,124 km²) is covered by forests; this makes Slovenia the third most forested country in Europe, right after Finland and Sweden. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the Kočevje area. Grassland covers 5593 km² of the country and fields and gardens 2471 km². There are also 363 km² of orchards and 216 km² of vineyards.
Its climate is Mediterranean on the coast, Alpine in the mountains and continental with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east. The average temperatures are -2°C in January and 21°C in July. The average rainfall is 1000 mm for the coast, up to 3500 mm for the Alps, 800 mm for south east and 1400 mm for central Slovenia.
See also: National parks of Slovenia.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Slovenia Slovenia continues to enjoy the highest GDP per capita of the transitioning economies of the region. The country is experiencing an increased, yet manageable, rate of inflation and anticipates increased GDP growth during the year 2000 as growth accelerates in the EU, Slovenia's leading export market. The country is on a sound economic footing. However, much work remains to be done in the areas of privatisation and capital market reform.
During 2000, privatisations were seen in the banking, telecommunications, and public utility sectors. Restrictions on foreign investment are slowly being dismantled, and foreign direct investment (FDI) is expected to increase over the next two years. Slovenia can be considered one of the economic front-runners of the countries that joined the European Union in 2004.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Slovenia Slovenia's ethnic groups represent Slovenians (89%), Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and other nationalities of the former Yugoslavia (10%) and the ethnic Hungarian and Italian minorities (0.5%). Life expectancy in 2000 was 71.80 years for men and 79.50 years for women.
With 95 inhabitants per km², Slovenia ranks low among the European countries (compare with 320/km² for the Netherlands or 195/km² for Italy). Approximately 50% of the total population lives in urban areas, the rest in rural.
The official language is Slovenian, which is a member of the South Slavic language group. Hungarian and Italian enjoy the status of official language in the nationally mixed regions along the Hungarian and Italian border.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Slovenia Slovenia's learned men include physicist Jožef Stefan , linguist Franc Miklošič and mathematician Jurij Vega. See List of Slovenians.
Slovenia is a homeland of numerous musicians and composers, including Renaissance composer Jacobus Gallus and more contemporary ones like Slavko Avsenik and Laibach.
See also: Music of Slovenia
Holidays
There are two kinds of holidays in Slovenia - national holidays and work-free days. National holidays are those celebrated by the state - this includes official functions and flying of the national flag. The latter are actually Catholic religious holidays (Christmas, Easter and Assumption), which are equivalent to any Sunday - companies and schools stay closed, but there is no official celebration.
List of Holidays
| Date | English Name | Slovenian Name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 1 and 2 | New Year | novo leto | |
| February 8 | Prešeren's day, the Slovenian cultural holiday | Prešernov dan, slovenski kulturni praznik | aniversary of the death of Slovenian poet France Prešeren, established as the national cultural day in 1942 |
| - | Easter Sunday and Monday | velika noč in velikonočni ponedeljek | work-free day, date varies |
| April 27 | Day of Uprising Against Occupation | dan upora proti okupatorju | Formerly Liberation Front Day (dan Osvobodilne fronte), marks the establishment, in 1941, of the Liberation Front to fight the German, Italian and Hungarian occupation of Slovenia |
| May 1 and 2 | Labour Day | praznik dela | |
| - | Pentecostal Sunday | binkoštna nedelja | work-free day, date varies |
| June 25 | Statehood Day | dan državnosti | Commemorates the proclamation of independendce in 1991 |
| August 15 | Assumption Day | Marijino vnebovzetje (veliki šmaren) | work-free day |
| October 31 | Reformation Day | dan reformacije | work-free day |
| November 1 | Remembrance Day | dan spomina na mrtve | Formerly called The Day of the Dead (dan mrtvih) |
| December 25 | Christmas | božič | work-free day |
| December 26 | Independence Day | dan neodvisnosti | Commemorates the proclamation of the independence plebiscite results in 1990 |
See also
- Public Libraries
- Communications in Slovenia
- Transportation in Slovenia
- Military of Slovenia
- Foreign relations of Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana
- University of Maribor
Geographical sights
- Geometric center of Slovenia (Geoss)
- Coast of Slovenia
Institutions
External links
- The Government
- Matkurja - a general internet site on Slovenia
- Najdi.si - another general internet site
- A guide to Virtual Slovenia
- The Jožef Stefan Institute's - resources on Slovenia
| Europe |
| Albania | Andorra | Austria | Belarus | Belgium | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bulgaria | Croatia | Czech Republic | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Latvia | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Macedonia | Malta | Moldova | Monaco | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Portugal | Romania | Russia | San Marino | Serbia and Montenegro | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | Vatican City |
| Dependencies |
| Faroe Islands | Gibraltar | Guernsey | Isle of Man | Jersey |
| Former Yugoslavia (SFRY) | |
|---|---|
| Republics | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Croatia | Macedonia | Montenegro | Serbia | Slovenia | |
| Autonomous provinces of Serbia | |
| Kosovo | Vojvodina | |
| | |
|---|---|
| Austria | Belgium | Cyprus | Czech Republic | Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Ireland | Italy | Latvia | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Malta | Netherlands | Poland | Portugal | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Sweden | United Kingdom | |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) | |
|---|---|
| Belgium | Bulgaria | Canada | Czech Republic | Denmark | Estonia | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Italy | Latvia | Lithuania | Luxembourg | The Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Portugal | Romania | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Turkey | United Kingdom | United States | |
| La Francophonie | |
|---|---|
| Belgium | Benin | Bulgaria | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cameroon | Cambodia | Canada | Cape Verde | Central African Republic | Chad | Comoros | Republic of the Congo | Cote d'Ivoire | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Dominica | Djibouti | Egypt | Equatorial Guinea | France | Gabon | Guinea | Guinea-Bissau | Haiti | Laos | Lebanon | Luxembourg | Madagascar | Mali | Mauritania | Mauritius | Moldova | Monaco | Morocco | Niger | Romania | Rwanda | Saint Lucia | Sao Tome and Principe | Senegal | Seychelles | Switzerland | Togo | Tunisia | Vanuatu | Vietnam | |
| Participating subnational governments | |
| French Community of Belgium | New Brunswick (Canada) | Quebec (Canada) | |
| Associate members | |
| Albania | Macedonia | |
| Observer status | |
| Czech Republic | Lithuania | Poland | Slovakia | Slovenia | |